| University of Amsterdam | |
|---|---|
| Universiteit van Amsterdam | |
Logo of the University of Amsterdam |
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| Latin: Universitas Amstelodami | |
| Established | 1632 |
| Type | Public |
| Endowment | Euro€613.5 million (approx. US$856.1 million)[1] |
| President | Paul Doop |
| Rector Magnificus | Dymph van den Boom |
| Academic staff | 2,796[2] |
| Admin. staff | 2,294[2] |
| Students | 32,739[2] |
| Undergraduates | 20,185[2] |
| Postgraduates | 12,554[2] |
| Location | Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands |
| Campus | Urban |
| Former names | Athenaeum Illustre (1632-1877), Municipal University of Amsterdam (1877-1961) |
| Colors | Red & Black |
| Affiliations | LERU, UNICA, EUA, Universitas 21 |
| Website | www.english.uva.nl |
The University of Amsterdam (Dutch: Universiteit van Amsterdam) or the UvA is a public research university located in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Founded in 1632 as the Athenaeum Illustre by the scholars Gerardus Vossius and Caspar Barlaeus, it is the third-oldest university in the Netherlands. The UvA is one of Europe's largest research universities with an endowment of €613.5 million,[1] 32,739 students, 5,090 staff, and 7,900 scientific publications each year.[2] It is the largest university in the Netherlands by enrollment and has the second-largest university endowment in the country. The campus of the UvA is located primarily in the City Centre of Amsterdam, with a few faculties located in adjacent bouroghs. The school lies within the largest megalopolis in the Netherlands, the Randstad, with a population of 7.2 million inhabitants.[3]
There are seven faculties: Humanities, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Economics and Business, Science, Law, Medicine, and Dentistry. The university offers 59 Bachelor's programs, 133 Master's programs, and 10 postgraduate programs. In addition, the university has developed a strong internationalization program and offers over 58 Master programs taught in English, as well as a number of Dutch and English language courses. Through international collaboration with other universities, the UvA offers exchange options with 200 universities in Europe and 40 institutions outside of Europe and enrolls over 2,500 international students and researchers.[4]
The University of Amsterdam's research history has produced six Nobel Laureates and seven Spinoza Prize winners.[5] In 2011, the university was ranked 63rd in the world, 19th in Europe, and 1st in the Netherlands by the QS World University Rankings. The university was 2nd among Dutch universities, after Erasmus University Rotterdam, in five fields and placed it in the top 50 internationally in seven fields in the 2011 QS World University Rankings by Subject in the fields of Linguistics, Sociology, Philosophy, Geography, Science, Economics & Econometrics, and Accountancy & Finance.[6]
The University of Amsterdam is a member of the League of European Research Universities (LERU), the Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA), European University Association (EUA), and Universitas 21.
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In January 1632, the Athenaeum Illustre (Latin - the Illustrious Athenaeum), the predecessor of the University of Amsterdam, was founded in Amsterdam's fifteenth century Agnietenkapel by two internationally acclaimed scholars, Gerardus Vossius and Caspar Barlaeus. During the seventeenth century, Leiden University was the only accredited university in the province of Holland. The government of the city of Amsterdam decided to establish its own institution of higher education to bring prestige to the city as well as to bring higher education closer to its residents. This brought about the establishment of the city's own institution of higher education, the Athenaeum. Despite its lack of "university" status - meaning the school could not confer doctoral degrees - the Athenaeum Illustre provided thorough training that was equal to other institutions of higher education. After training at the Athenaeum, students had the option of completing their training at a university in another town. The first two professors and founders, Gerardus Vossius, who taught history, and Caspar Barlaeus, who taught philosophy, were recruited from Leiden University. Professors lectured students publicly and tutored privately.
At the time, Amsterdam also housed several other institutions of higher education, including the Collegium Chirugicum, which trained surgeons, and other institutions that provided theological courses for the Remonstrant and the Mennonite communities. Amsterdam's large degree of religious freedom allowed for the establishment of these institutions. Students of the Colegium Chirugicum and the theological institutions regularly attended classes at the Athenaeum Illustre. The Athenaeum thus became a training center for city councilors, clergymen, well-to-do citizens, and merchants of Amsterdam during the prosperous Dutch Golden Age.
The Athenaeum Illustre had its high and low points during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but in the nineteenth century it gained significance. In 1815 it was given the statutory obligation “to disseminate taste, civilization and learning" and “to replace, at least in part, the institutes of higher education and an academic education for those young men whose circumstances unable them to fully spend the time necessary for an academic career at an institute of higher education.” The Athenaeum began offering classes for students attending non-academic professional training in pharmacy and surgery in 1800. The Athenaeum Illustre largely worked together with Amsterdam's theological institutions such as the Evangelisch-Luthers Seminarium (evangelical-Lutheran) and the Klinische School (medical school), the successor to the Collegium Chirurgicum.
The Athenaeum remained a small institution until the nineteenth century, with no more than 250 students and eight professors. Alumni of the Athenaeum include Cornelis Petrus Tiele.[8][9]
In 1877, the Athenuem Illustre become the Municipal University of Amsterdam and received the right to confer doctoral degrees. This gave the university the same privileges as national universities while being funded by the city of Amsterdam. The professors and lecturers were appointed by the city council. This resulted in a staff that was in many ways more colorful than the staffs of national universities. During its time as a municipal university, the university flourished, in particular in the science department, which counted many Nobel prize winners: Tobias Asser, Christiaan Eijkman, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Pieter Zeeman, and Frits Zernike.
The University of Amsterdam's municipal status brought about the relatively early addition of the faculties of Economics and Social Sciences. After the World War II the dramatic rise in the cost of university education put a constraint on the university’s growth.[8][9]
In 1961 the national government made the university a national university, giving it its current name, the University of Amsterdam. Funding was now given by the national government instead of the city and the appointment of professors was transferred to the Board of Governors. The city of Amsterdam retained a limited influence until 1971, when the appointment was handed over to the Executive Board.
During May 1969, the university became the focus of nationwide news when the UvA's administrative center at the Maagdenhuis was occupied by hundreds of students who wanted more democratic influence in educational and administrative matters. The protest lasted for days and was eventually broken up by the police.[10] During the seventies and eighties the university was often the target of nationwide student actions.
The university saw considerable expansion since becoming a national university, from 7,500 students in 1960 to over 32,000 in 2010. In 2007, the UvA undertook the construction of the Science Park Amsterdam, a 70 hectare campus to house the Faculty of Science along with the new University Sports Center. Much of the park is has been completed.[11] The University of Amsterdam began working in close collaboration with the Hogeschool van Amsterdam to allow students from the UvA and HvA to take classes at both schools through an integrated curriculum. In 2008, the University of Amsterdam and VU University jointly founded the Amsterdam University College (AUC), an interuniversity institute that offers a three-year Bachelor (Honors) program in the Liberal Arts and Sciences.[8][9]
The current logo of the University of Amsterdam consists of a black square with three white Saint Andrew's Crosses and a white "U." This an adaptation of the coat of arms of Amsterdam which also uses a black background and three white or silver Saint Andrew's Crosses. The three Saint Andrew's Crosses have been said to represent the three plagues of Amsterdam: fire, floods, and the Black Death. Another rumor is that they represent three fords in the River Amstel. These two explanations have no historical basis, however. It is believed by historians that the coat of arms of Amsterdam is derived from the coat of arms of Jan Persijn, the lord of Amsterdam between 1280 and 1282.[12] The "U" represents the word "university" while the colors and three crosses represent the city of Amsterdam.
The university is accredited by the Netherland's Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, which grants accreditation to institutions who meet a national system of regulations and quality assurance controls. The Ministry has given it WO, or research university status. Dutch students must complete a six year preparatory program to gain admission to national research universities. Only fifteen percent of students pass this preparatory program.
In terms of tuition in 2011-2012, EU students are charged €1,713 per year for both Bachelor's and Master's programs and non-EU students are charged between €9,000-€11,000 per year for Bachelor's programs and €10,500-€25,000 for Master's and Doctoral programs. Costs for non-EU students varies depending on the faculty of matriculation. In terms of scholarships, the university offers UvA Amsterdam Merit Scholarships, scholarships through the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, Dutch Study Grants, and various European scholarships.[13]
Collectively the faculties offer 59 Bachelor's programs, 133 Master's programs, and 10 postgraduate programs.[14] The university awarded 2,565 propaedeutic, 3,204 Bachelor's, 3,990 Master's, 438 Doctoral, 242 Post-Doctoral degrees in 2009-2010, and 10,438 total degrees in 2009-2010.[15] Throughout its long history, professors and alumni at the University of Amsterdam have been honored with numerous research awards including six Nobel Prize winners and seven Spinoza Prize winners.[5] The school's academic year lasts from early September until mid-July and is divided into two 20-week semesters. The first of these ends in late January and the second begins in early February. There are no mid-term breaks, only a short holiday around Christmas and New Year as well as Dutch National holidays.
| Demographics of the student body[1] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | 93.4% | African | 0.1% |
| European | 4.9% | Oceanian | <0.1% |
| Asian | 0.9% | International students | 6.6% |
| North American | 0.4% | Female | 57.8% |
| Central & South American | 0.4% | ||
In 2010, the university had an enrollment of 32,739 students: 20,185 undergraduate students, 9,361 master's students, 1,235 doctoral students, and 412 post-doctoral students.[2] Of all students, 93.4% are Dutch citizens and 6.6% are international students.[1] The UvA has over 2,500 international students and researchers that come from over 100 countries.[4] Full-time students comprised 91% of the student body.[2] In 2010 students were enrolled in 7 faculties and the Amsterdam University College: 24% in Humanities, 13% in Law, 7% in Medicine, 1% in Dentistry, 11% in Science, 13% in Economics & Business, 30% in Social & Behavioral Sciences, and 0.5% in the Amsterdam University College.[2]
Overall, 20% of students in bachelor's programs complete their degree within three years, 48% in four years, and 69% in five years; 71% of master's students completed their degree in two years.[1] Students on average successfully complete 44 ECTS credits during the academic year.[1] In 2007, 88% of master's and doctoral graduates went on to become paying jobs, with an additional 5% going on to continue their education within 1.5 years of graduating.[1]
The university is divided into seven faculties, with each faculty headed by a dean. The faculties include the Faculties of Humanities, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Economics and Business, Science, Law, Medicine, and Dentistry. Students must be admitted to the faculty of their program before beginning their studies.
The Faculty of Science (Dutch: Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica) (FNWI) consists of four departments with 1200 researchers and lecturers operating in eight research institutes. The main faculty buildings are located on the Science Park Amsterdam campus. The faculty was ranked number one in the Netherlands and 47th internationally in 2011.[6] In terms of research, the faculty produced 1,445 academic publications in 2009.[1]
The Faculty of Humanities (Dutch: Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen) (FGw) comprises six departments: Dutch studies, History, Archaeology and Area studies, Language and Literature, Media studies, Philosophy, and Art, Religion, and Cultural studies. With over 6000 students and about 1000 employees, it is the largest humanities faculty in the Netherlands. It was established in 1997 after a merger of the Faculty of Language and Culture, the Faculty of Theology and the Faculty of Philosophy. In 2011, the faculty was ranked number one in the Netherlands for Philosophy and Linguistics with international ranking in these areas of 37th and 22nd respectively.[6] In terms of research, the faculty produced 726 academic publications in 2009.[1]
The Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences (Dutch: Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen) (FMG) is the largest educational and research institution in the social and behavioural sciences in the Netherlands. The faculty has approximately 10,000 students and 1,200 staff members. The Faculty is home to six departments: Political Science, Sociology and Anthropology, Communication Science, Psychology, Social Geography, Planning and International Development Studies, and Educational sciences. The faculty was ranked the best in the Netherlands in 2011 for Sociology and Geography with international rankings in these areas of 33rd and 40th respectively.[6] In terms of research, the faculty produced 1,366 academic publications in 2009.[1]
The Faculty of Economics and Business (Dutch: Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde) (FEB) was established in 1922. The FEB, which includes the Amsterdam School of Economics (ASE) and the Amsterdam Business School (ABS), currently has around 4,000 students and nearly 600 staff. It was ranked 44th in Economics & Econometrics and 45 in Accountancy & Finance among world universities.[6] In terms of research, the faculty produced 517 academic publications in 2009.[1]
The Faculty of Law (Dutch: Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid) (FdR) is housed in the Oudemanhuispoort, a historic building dating from 1602 situated in the center of Amsterdam. It has approximately 3,500 students and 350 staff members. The Faculty offers eight LLM programs, of which two are taught in English. In addition the Faculty offers three advanced LLM programs, which are all taught in English. Research at the Faculty is undertaken by five research institutes which specialize in the following areas: International law, Private law, Environmental law, Labor law, and Information law. In terms of research, the faculty produced 412 academic publications in 2009.[1]
The Faculty of Medicine (Dutch: Faculteit der Geneeskunde) (FdG), each year, approximately 350 first-year students begin their study of medicine at the Academic Medical Center. The first, four-year phase consists mainly of thematic teaching. The second, two-year phase consists of training internships in and outside of the AMC. In terms of research, the faculty produced 3,206 academic publications in 2009.[1]
The Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam (Dutch: Faculteit der Tandheelkunde) (ACTA) was founded in 1984 through a merger of the two dentistry faculties of the Universiteit of Amsterdam and the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. ACTA conducts scientific research, teaches, and provides patient care in the field of dentistry. ACTA is one of the largest dentistry education and training programs in the world, with 500 staff members, an annual new-student enrollment of 128 and a total student body of 1000. It consists of three departments. In terms of research, the faculty produced 228 academic publications in 2009.[1]
| University rankings | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ranking | World | Europe | National |
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| QS World University Rankings[6] | 63 | 19 | 1 |
| Times Higher Education[16] | 92 | 30 | 3 |
| ARWU[17] | 102-150 | 32 | 3-6 |
| High Impact Universities RPI[18] | 60 | 9 | 2 |
| Leiden Ranking[19] | 51 | 18 | 4 |
| URAP[20] | 58 | 16 | 2 |
| European Research Ranking[21] | 60 | 7 | |
On a subject basis the QS World University Rankings ranked the university 29th in Arts & Humanities, 69th in Natural Sciences, 123rd in Engineering & IT, and 15th in the Life Sciences. In five areas, the university was ranked 1st among Dutch universities in the 2011 QS World University Rankings by Subject and was ranked in the top 50 internationally in seven fields. This includes Linguistics (22nd worldwide), Sociology (33rd), Philosophy (37th), Geography (40th), Science (47th), Economics & Econometrics (44th), and Accountancy & Finance (45th). QS rated areas within the disciplines of Social Sciences, Engineering & Technology, Life Sciences & Medicine, Natural Science, and Arts and Humanities. Of the 21 subjects studied, the UvA had 20 in the top 100.[6]
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the University of Amsterdam 30th in Arts & Humanities[22] and 40th in Social Sciences, making it the highest ranking Dutch university in these fields and the highest ranking continental European university in the Social Sciences.[23] The CHE Excellence Ranking rated the school excellent in all seven categories for research, making it the only Dutch institution to accomplish this distinction.[24] According to the Research Performance Index, also known as the High Impact Universities ranking, the UvA ranked 65th in the world for Arts, Humanities, Business, and Social Sciences, 43rd for Medicine, 127 for Natural Science and Mathematics, 88th for Engineering and Technology, and 71st for Life Sciences.[18]
The University of Amsterdam is one of Europe's largest research universities, with over 7,900 scientific publications in 2010.[2] Every year, the UvA spends about €100 million on research via direct funding. It receives an additional €23 million via indirect funding and about €49 million from commercial partners.[25] Faculty members often receive research prizes and grants, such as those from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Research is organized into fifteen research priority areas and 28 research institutes within the faculties oversee this research.[26]
The University of Amsterdam has an extensive central University Library (UBA), with over four million volumes. In addition, a number of departments have their own libraries. The Library of the UvA is located in the city center. It contains over four million books, 70,000 manuscripts, 500,000 letters, and 125,000 maps. In the UBA, one can find the special collections of the Department of Rare and Precious Works, the Manuscript and Writing Museum, the Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana on Jewish history and culture, and the Department of Documentation on Social Movements. Three reading rooms are available for students to study in quiet.[27] In addition to the main University Library, there are approximately 70 departmental libraries spread throughout the center of Amsterdam. The university's printing arm, the Amsterdam University Press, has a publishing list of over 1,400 titles in both Dutch and English.
In addition to its libraries, the UvA has five museums. These include the Allard Pierson Museum, which houses antiquities from Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, the Near East, and central Italy during the time between 4000 BCE and 500 CE; the University Museum, with collections showing the history of the Uva from 1632 until present; the Museum Vrolik, which houses anatomical, zoological and teratological specimens; The J.A. Dortmond Museum of Script which has exhibits showing the history of writing in the West from 3000 BCE to today; the UvA Computer Museum which houses displays showing how computers of the past worked and how calculations were made before the presence of the electronic computer; the Zoological Museum Amsterdam at the Amsterdam Artis Zoo contains collection of millions of shells, insects, mammals, birds, fishes and other animals used in scientific research.[28]
As a metropolitan institution, the University of Amsterdam has always been housed in old and new buildings scattered throughout the capital. Because the UvA is not a separate, secluded campus, students and native Amsterdamers readily mix, which allows Amsterdam to maintain close cultural and academic ties to the school. The majority of the UvA's buildings lie in the heart of Amsterdam, with only the faculties of Science, Medicine and Dentistry located outside the City Centre. The university lies within the largest megalopolis in the Netherlands, the Randstad, with a population 7.2 million inhabitants.[3]
The administration of the school, most of the faculties, and the majority of student housing are located in the historic City Centre of Amsterdam, within the canal ring which is itself a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The facilities in this area date from as early as the fifteenth century to the twenty-first century. Architectural styles represented include the Dutch Renaissance, Dutch Baroque, Art Deco, Amsterdam School, and International style. The Agnietenkapel, Maagdenhuis, Oost-Indisch Huis, Bushuis, and Oudemanhuispoort are designated as Rijksmonuments (national monuments). The fifteenth century Agnietenkapel, where the university was founded was first constructed as a monastery chapel around 1470, but was later converted for use by the Athenaeum Illustre in 1631. The Agnes Gate in front of the Agnietenkapel is a major symbol of the university and dates back to 1571. It was renovated and moved to its current location in 1631.[29] Another area is a former hospital converted into university buildings, the Binnengasthuis, which is considered the heart of the UvA. The Maagdenhuis is the current headquarters of the UvA and HvA administration. The building was built between 1783–1787 and was formerly an orphanage.[10] The Oost-Indisch Huis, the former headquarters of the Dutch East India Company was built in 1606 and now used by the UvA.[30] The Oudemanhuispoort was made a university building in 1880. It was constructed in 1602 as a retirement house and now houses the Faculty of Law.[31] One of the buildings of the University Library complex, the Bushuis, was built as an armory in 1606.[32]
The Faculty of Science is located on the east side of the city at the newly constructed Science Park Amsterdam. This 70 hectare campus contains the UvA's science facilities, research institutes, student housing, the University Sports Centre, and businesses. In order to attract distinguished students and researchers, the campus was built by collaboration between the University of Amsterdam, the City of Amsterdam, and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. In 2012, the Amsterdam University College will also be housed here.
In the southeastern Bijlmermeer neighborhood, the Faculty of Medicine is housed in the Academic Medical Center (AMC), the Faculty of Medicine's teaching and research hospital. It was formed in 1983 when the UvA Faculty of Medicine and two hospitals, Binnengasthuis and the Wilhelmina Gasthuis, combined. Shortly after in 1988, the Emma Children's Hospital also moved to the AMC. It is one of Amsterdam's level 1 trauma centers and strongly cooperates with the VU University Medical Center (VUmc).
The Faculty of Dentistry is located in the Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) in the southern Zuidas district on the campus of the VU University Medical Center. It was formed when the University of Amsterdam and the Vrije Universiteit combined their Dentistry schools in 1984.
The UvA is headed by an Executive Board that is charged with jointly governing the University of Amsterdam and the UvA's partner institution, the Hogeschool van Amsterdam. The university is then divided into seven faculties, with each faculty headed by a dean. Teaching and research are carried out in various departments and institutes within the individual faculties. The UvA has an endowment of €613.5 million (approximately $856.1 million),[1] giving it the second-largest university endowment in the Netherlands.
The University of Amsterdam works in close collaboration with the Hogeschool van Amsterdam, allowing students from the UvA and HvA to take classes at both schools through an integrated curriculum. In addition, the University of Amsterdam and VU University jointly preside over the Amsterdam University College (AUC), an interuniversity institute that offers a three-year Bachelor (Honors) program in the Liberal Arts and Sciences.
The intellectual and cultural atmosphere at the UvA is internationally oriented. Amsterdam attracts students from the Netherlands and beyond: with over 2,500 international students and researchers from over 100 countries.
Close ties are harbored with other institutions internationally through its membership in the League of European Research Universities (LERU), the Institutional Network of the Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA), European University Association (EUA), the International Student Exchange Program (ISEP), and Universitas 21.
The UvA has an extensive network of foreign partner universities, facilitating student and staff exchanges. Within Europe the UvA has Socrates/Erasmus exchange agreements with over 200 institutions. Outside Europe, it has close ties with approximately 40 universities on all continents.[4]
At the UvA, students can choose from many student organizations, athletic activities, and student services. These include the ASVA Student Union, CREA Cultural Center, the newly constructed University Sports Center, and the Agora and Atrium student restaurants. In addition, the university provides religious services, career counseling, the International Student Network (ISN), counseling, disability services, and student health services.[33][34] The students are represented in the different faculty student councils and the central student council.
The University Sports Center (USC) offers over 50 sports activities at discount rates for UvA students and staff including Ice skating, tennis, rowing, aerobics, swimming, dancing, golf, and even skiing.
The CREA Cultural Center organizes courses, working groups and projects in drama, music, dance, photography, film, and visual arts. It also contains a bar and a theater.
The primary mode of transport for students is by bicycle.[35] The city of Amsterdam also has various public transportation options available to students. These include the Metro, trams, nightbusses, and ferries.[36]
The university offers student housing through non-profit Housing Corporations not owned by the UvA. The Housing Corporations offer apartment-style housing in the City Center, Zuid, Oost, West, Zuid-Oost, and Amsterdam-Noord bouroghs of Amsterdam as well as in the suburb of Diemen. Single rooms with private facilities (kitchen, bathroom), single rooms with shared facilities, shared rooms with shared facilities, and couples rooms are available. Students of the opposite sex are permitted to be roommates in all types of rooms except for those with shared bathrooms. Rooms are anywhere from a few minutes to 45 minutes bike ride to the City Center.
Professors and alumni of the University of Amsterdam have included six Nobel Prize winners and seven Spinoza Prize winners.[5]
Notable current and former professors include winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911 Tobias Asser,[37] mathematician Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff,[38] winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals,[39] winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1902 Pieter Zeeman,[40] and winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1953 Frits Zernike.[41]
Alumni in the Science area include winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1929 Christiaan Eijkman,[42] inventor of DNA fingerprinting Alec Jeffreys,[43] physician and one of the founding fathers of gynecology in the Netherlands M.A. Mendes de Leon,[44] astrophysicist and Dutch communist Anton Pannekoek,[45] string theorist Erik Verlinde,[46] and Dutch botanist Hendrik de Wit. Alumni in the area of Politics include former Prime Ministers Pieter Cort van der Linden[47] and Joop den Uyl,[48] former President of the European Central Bank, Minister of Finance, and President of the Central Bank of the Netherlands Wim Duisenberg,[49] Member of the European Parliament Thijs Berman,[50] former Secretary General of NATO Joseph Luns,[51] Senate group leader of the Labour Party and former trade union leader Marleen Barth,[52] president of OHIM Wubbo de Boer,[53] former Minister of Defence and former European Commissioner for Internal Market & Services Frits Bolkestein,[54] former Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport Els Borst,[55] state secretary of Health, Welfare and Sport Jet Bussemaker,[56] Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment Jacqueline Cramer,[57] Minister of Foreign Trade within the Economic Affairs Frank Heemskerk,[58] Minister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin,[59] Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations Guusje ter Horst,[60] former Minister of Social Affairs and Employment and currently deputy director of UNDP Ad Melkert,[61] and Minister of Education, Culture and Science Ronald Plasterk.[62] In the area of the Arts, notable alumni include cultural analyst Ien Ang,[63] writers Menno ter Braak, Willem Frederik Hermans,[64] J. Slauerhoff, and Simon Vestdijk,[65] Emmy award-winning producer Michael W. King,[66] and Roman law specialist Boudewijn Sirks.[67] In the Media area, alumni include Thomas von der Dunk, Dutch cultural historian, writer, and columnist. Alumni in the area of Sports area include Max Euwe, 1935–1937 World Chess Champion.
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